A tomada de assalto das chamadas big techs sobre o mercado musical planetário é uma caixa de Pandora de números estarrecedores, como expõe em larga escala o novo livro A Grande Trapaça Digital – Como as Big Techs Destruíram a Música, Enganaram o Público e Sequestraram a Nossa Alma Sonora, do jornalista Luiz Cesar Pimentel. Na sua leitura descobre-se, por exemplo, que nos últimos dois anos cerca de 60% das canções que encabeçaram as paradas das plataformas de streaming foram produzidas ou co-escritas pelos mesmos 15 profissionais de elite da indústria musical. Que a produção independente, fora das antigas gravadoras transnacionais, constitui 37,3% do valor global de mercado em termos de volume de faixas, mas captura apenas 20% do faturamento. Que, das cerca de 120 mil faixas inseridas diariamente nas grandes plataformas musicais, em torno de 30% não têm origem humana (mas os royalties correspondentes seguem escoando para bolsos humanos desconhecidos, ou não tanto).
Os dados se acumulam aos borbotões. Apenas 0,2% dos artistas listados pelas plataformas digitais acumula mais de 1 milhão de ouvintes mensais, mas esse estrato captura mais de 90% de toda a receita gerada pelo streaming. Na fatia de artistas que possuem entre 50 mil e 500 mil ouvintes mensais está apenas 1% a 1,5% dos artistas, o que corresponde a uma arrecadação média de US$ por ano em royalties. Abaixo desse topo de pirâmide, os cerca de 98% restantes correspondem ao proletariado musical a serviço (semi-escravizado) de Spotify, Deezer, Amazon Music etc. “Os 98 por cento restantes são os pequenos artistas para quem a música tornou-se, por força da necessidade, uma atividade secundária ou um hobby financiado por empregos em outras áreas, resultando na proletarização do talento”, descreve o autor, beliscando a luta de classes 3.0.
Com título obviamente inspirado no clássico punk The Great Rock’n’Roll Swindle (1979), dos Sex Pistols, o livro faz da provocação movida por frases de impacto seu principal artifício para descrever e dimensionar a transformação monumental dirigida neste primeiro quarto de século pelas big techs – e, na opinião do autor, a decadência musical decorrente. A conclusão é inequívoca: a “uberização” que destrói o tecido social em aplicativos de transporte e alimentação se reproduz à imagem e semelhança em profissões ligadas ao intelecto, da música ao cinema ao jornalismo, do som à imagem ao texto. (Quase) todo mundo está trabalhando (quase) de graça para as famigeradas big techs, e A Grande Trapaça Digital procura mapear como se dá o abismo na cadeia produtiva musical.
Sob escrita elegante e engenhosa, o livro de Pimentel estende a provocação à concretude: dividido em duas partes, imita a estética de uma antiga fita cassete, com lado A e lado B. Virado de ponta-cabeça, A Grande Trapaça Digital se transforma em A Fissura Musical – Por Que Amamos o Que Amamos, Odiamos o Que Abominamos e as Respostas Sonoras Que Nunca Te Deram, uma parte mais impressionista e menos interessante do trabalho de fôlego erguido pelo jornalista, que é também mestre em ciências sociais com especializações em inteligência artificial e big data.
Outros dados de impacto emergem da leitura do lado A, como a leitura que Pimentel faz do chamado Discovery Mode do Spotify, que oferece uma suposta prioridade nas recomendações a artistas na plataforma, em troca de uma redução de cerca de 30% nas taxas pagas por cada audição aos detentores dos direitos autorias. Trata-se, portanto, da reencarnação “moderna” do velho jabaculê, uma “forma de extorsão institucionalizada” nas palavras do autor. O selo e/ou artista indie, em outras palavras, precisa devolver 30% da remuneração (já minguada, como demarca Pimentel) por seu trabalho para conquistar uma prometida visibilidade na plataforma.
Na outra ponta estão as antigas multinacionais do disco, desossadas pela pirataria e pela desmaterialização da música e hoje reduzidas a apenas três grandes gravadoras (Universal, Sony e Warner). Sob jugo das big techs transnacionais, elas entregaram o ouro ao bandido ao se tornarem sócias ocultas do Spotify, fornecendo, fundamentalmente, a matéria-prima acumulada em décadas de construção de catálogo, correspondente a aproximadamente 70% do mercado fonográfico mundial.
O autor explica: “Essa relação de compadrio financeiro criou um conflito de interesses onde as gravadoras tornaram-se sócias dos distribuidores, o que significa que elas lucram não apenas com a execução da música, mas com a própria valorização de mercado das empresas de tecnologia. Quando o Spotify abriu o seu capital na bolsa de valores em 2018, as grandes gravadoras faturaram bilhões de dólares com a venda de suas ações, um montante que nunca foi devidamente partilhado com os artistas que compunham a matéria-prima daquela valorização”.
Tomando por alicerce um conjunto irrefutável de dados sombrios, Pimentel opta por uma leitura predominamente negativa da realidade. Constrói um cenário pré-apocalíptico que é abertamente tributário ensaio A Obra de Arte na Era de Sua Reprodutibilidade Técnica (1935), do filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin, que examinava o tratororamento da indústria cultural sobre o fazer artístico artesanal (e idílico).
Pimentel embaralha o final de seu mundo (um mundo de LPs de vinil, CDs, fitas cassete etc.) com o fim do mundo propriamente dito, enviesando a interpretação do todo sob um viés quase completamente negativo e destrutivo. – o nome seria distopia, se estivéssemos falando do (pretenso) futuro. “É sempre bom lembrar que um copo vazio/ está cheio de ar”, retrucaria provavelmente Gilberto Gil. Se o apocalipse não veio após Benjamin (que pensava e escrevia num tempo-espaço espremido entre duas guerras mundiais), é possível que tampouco o mundo acabe diante dos efeitos da pilhagem estratosférica protagonizada pelos triliardários das big techs, por Trump e seu exército de imitadores humanoides.
A maior fragilidade do trabalho de Pimentel é resultante desse viés entortado para além de uma realidade já suficientemente cruel. Em muitas passagens da obra, ele entende que sejam inéditos (e fulminantes) vários fenômenos que já eram observados por Benjamin e provavelmente décadas e séculos antes dele (quando, por exemplo, foram inventados o computador, a televisão, o rádio, o cinema falado, o cinema mudo, o fonógrafo, a fotografia, a palavra impressa…). “O cinema falado é o grande culpado da transformação”, alertaria certamente Noel Rosa. Longe de ser patrimônio cultivado apenas por várias espécies de minions de extrema direita, a reação conservadora aos novos tempos parece acompanhar os próprios tempos, em todo o espectro ideológico, lúcida até certo ponto, mas quase sempre delirante para além de limites cravados com rigidez.
Pimentel lamenta, por exemplo, “a vitória da unidade sobre a obra inteira”, ignorando que antes de Cristo (ou melhor, do inventor do disco long playing) as músicas já circulavam avulsas, ou de duas em duas, muito anteriores à concepção (provavelmente por integrantes da indústria cultural) do chamado “álbum conceitual”. “Ao vender canções por 99 centavos, a Apple destruiu o álbum como unidade narrativa”, o autor elabora um conceito correto, mas confundindo a Apple com a maçã de Eva.
Ele deplora a “massificação desordenada que transforma o sagrado em commodity”, como se as velhas gravadoras já não tivessem vendido a alma dos artistas e dos ouvintes ao diabo, como se Robert Johnson e outros violeiros caipiras não fossem antepassados do secular pacto com o demônio. “A transição da posse para o acesso completou o ciclo da dessacralização da obra”, crava, comparando o streaming com os já bem pouco sagrados LPs e CDs – resta confirmar se o ciclo está mesmo completo, ou se haverá novos demônios degradados à espreita num futuro mais ou menos distante. “Cuidado!/ há um morcego na porta principal”, lembraria zombeteiramente Jards Macalé.
“As plataformas corromperam o sistema ao oferecerem participações acionarias às grandes majors, em troca de taxas de licenciamento reduzidas e condições de acesso privilegiadas ao catálogo”, decreta Pimentel, em mais um diagnóstico exato – se não fossem já corruptas e corruptoras as novas corrompidas pelas corruptíssimas big techs.
O jornalismo (musical nesse caso, mas qualquer jornalismo) entra na dança, ainda bem, quando o autor aponta que “é neste palco de ruído ininterrupto que a figura do crítico (…) encontra sua sentença de morte definitiva”. Certo, mas há evidências abundantes de que os críticos cavamos nossas próprias covas bem antes do advento de influenciadores digitais e outras inteligências artificiais. Talvez os boatos sobre a morte definitiva dos críticos sejam exagerados, como saber? Assassinados (como diz o autor) ou suicidas, os fantasmas ainda coabitam o presente entre bots e androides.
Sempre sob um perfume de pecado original, Pimentel pranteia “a história de artistas brilhantes que abandonam a carreira no auge da criatividade por falta de sustento o básico”, sem lembrar que alguns desses “artistas frustrados” botaram para quebrar a banca ao se tornarem executivos-chefes das antigas gravadoras – por sinal, devem estar se tornando agora mesmo CEOs maquiavélicos de mortíferas big techs. “No modelo físico, o lucro era honesto e direto”, exagera. Sim, está certo, agora é muito pior. Mas não, não era assim tão honesto e direto, nem nos tempos saudosos de nossos maiores heróis.
Nostalgia à parte, Luiz Cesar Pimentel procura se mostrar atento à arte (que ele julga) morta dos artistas ainda vivos no século XXI, citando por exemplo Adele, Ana Castela, Avicii, Bruno Mars, Céu, Daft Punk, Drake, Los Hermanos, João Gomes, Justin Timberlake, Lady Gaga, Racionais MC’s, Rihanna, Sabrina Carpenter, Santigold, Simone Mendes, Taylor Swift… Mas o sepulcro caiado que reserva aos substratos mais underground, mais vanguardistas da nova geração de músicos (e jornalistas) morde o próprio pé, criando algo que não é assim tão diferente das estratégias de invisibilização de quaisquer vozes dissidentes pelas big techs. “As coisas estão no mundo/ só que eu preciso aprender”, sopraria pacientemente Paulinho da Viola.
A questão, portanto, é de escala, de lupa. O contrapelo do “apocalipticismo” implica numa cegueira (e/ou surdez) constante para o momento presente, ao que parece historicamente hegemônica na música, no jornalismo, na academia, na vida humana. No mesmo passo em que critica e lamenta o cancelamento da “escuta ativa” entre as novas gerações de ouvintes musicais e prega a retomada de tal escuta, o autor não dá subsídios que demonstrem muita escuta ativa sobre a arte, a música (e, vá lá, o entretenimento) do presente.
Integrante ativo deste tempo de perdas e danos colossais, o autor sabe que está carregando nas tintas catastrofista e prepara o leitor para a virada, ao final do penúltimo capítulo do lado A: “A partir daqui, o relato deixa de descrever o abismo para focar na reconstrução”. Infelizmente, o que vem, ao som do heavy metal brasileiro do Sepultura, são magras cinco páginas, que se contentam em agrupando algumas poucas soluções genéricas (Bandcamp, Substack e Galeria do Rock, entre small techs que talvez um dia virem big), nas quais o próprio autor não demonstra depositar grandes expectativas ou convicções.
De modo geral, o tempo de construção não parece ser o de agora para o autor (para você, para mim, para todos nós), e essa é uma das explicações possíveis para a sensação perene de beco sem saída em que vivemos, num mundo entupido de Chat GPT, Tik Tok, X, Instagram, Tinder, Netflix, Spotify, iFood, Uber etc. etc. etc. Luiz Cesar Pimentel está coberto de razão nos diagnósticos sobre a demolição, e a única alternativa é reconstruir. “Tijolo por tijolo num desenho lógico”, prantearia proletariamente Chico Buarque.
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