Francisco deu a Dilma uma encíclica e uma exortação apostólica. Dilma, em retribuição, deu a Francisco o livro Theodoro Sampaio: nos sertões e na cidade, do arquiteto, professor, pesquisador e escritor Ademir Pereira dos Santos, de 2010 (Editora Versal). A escolha de Dilma causou surpresa até no autor, Ademir Pereira dos Santos, professor de Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design no Centro Universitário Belas Artes e da Universidade de Taubaté (Unitau). Primeiro, porque o livro está há muito esgotado. Segundo, porque não foi uma publicação que alcançou o grande público quando de sua primeira (e única) edição, e o autor pensa hoje em reeditar o volume para que alcance mais leitores.
O livro de Ademir é uma extensa e minuciosa pesquisa de 392 páginas sobre a vida, as ideias e a obra do engenheiro civil, geógrafo, cartógrafo, historiador, etnógrafo, arquiteto e urbanista Theodoro Fernandes Sampaio, nascido em 1855, filho de uma escrava na zona rural de Santo Amaro da Purificação (BA) e possivelmente de um fazendeiro rico. Muito premiado e pouco lido, o livro levado por Dilma para o papa no Vaticano narra a saga de afirmação e brilho de um intelectual negro num Brasil escravagista e elitista. Não foi, portanto, uma escolha aleatória. No final do encontro entre a ex-presidenta e o pontífice, que ocorreu neste sábado, 27, com grande repercussão, o papa disse: “Reze por mim, que eu rezo pela senhora”.
Farofafá entrevistou o autor do presente de Dilma ao papa:
FAROFAFÁ: Causou-lhe surpresa a escolha de Dilma? Como acha que a história chegou até ela ?
ADEMIR PEREIRA DOS SANTOS: Fiquei muito surpreso. Um amigo postou o vídeo num grupo de conversa, no sábado de manhã. Achei que era coisa antiga, mas já me comovi, afinal se tratava da ex-presidenta e do Papa Francisco, folheando e conversando sobre o livro e o Theodoro Sampaio. Mas, quando me toquei que aquilo havia acontecido havia poucas horas e que estavam pipocando mensagens de amigos próximos e de longa data, comecei a chorar de alegria. Não tenho vergonha de falar. Compartilhei com familiares, com os professores com quem trabalho e meu sábado não teve fim.
FFF: Por que a escolha de Theodoro Sampaio, um engenheiro, como objeto do seu livro? Quanto tempo pesquisou?
ADEMIR: Iniciei as pesquisas sobre o baiano Theodoro Fernandes Sampaio (1855-1937) no mestrado em História, na Unesp de Assis, concluído em 1992. Mas concorri com mais de 300 projetos de todo o país, e venci a 8ª edição do Prêmio Clarival do Prado Valladares, promovido pela Odebrecht, em 2008. Fiquei dois anos afastado dos cursos de Arquitetura da Belas Artes e da Universidade de Taubaté, onde ainda sou professor, para finalizar a pesquisa. Tive a melhor equipe de profissionais que um pesquisador pode ter e não deixamos por menos. O livro arrebatou dois Prêmios Jabuti em 2011: o terceiro lugar na categoria Arquitetura e Urbanismo e o primeiro de Design Gráfico, projeto de Karyn Mathuiy. Foram praticamente 3 anos de um trabalho intenso, em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Salvador, onde estão os acervos, testemunhos de sua vasta produção.
FFF: Das obras de Theodoro Sampaio, qual você elege como a mais simbólica de atuação dele para o futuro?
ADEMIR: Difícil escolher, mas, sem dúvida, entre elas está o livro O Tupi na Geografia Nacional, no qual apresenta a contribuição ímpar dos povos originários na cultura, na percepção do espaço e na língua nacionais, o português brasileiro. Merece destaque os estudos que fez sobre os rios, o Rio São Francisco e o Paranapanema. Trabalhou na navegação do Velho Chico e apontou o potencial energético, ou seja, praticamente previu as hidrelétricas construídas cem anos depois. Projetou os primeiros edifícios do Hospital das Clínicas de SP, por isto que está ali uma singela homenagem dos paulistanos, a Rua Teodoro Sampaio. Ele fez muito por São Paulo: estruturou os serviços de coleta e tratamento de esgoto e o abastecimento de água. No início do século XX já se preocupava com a criação de reservatórios a mais 100 quilômetros da cidade pois já antevia a escassez que hoje enfrentamos, e que vai piorar e muito, doravante. Em Salvador, projetou o bairro da Pituba, que denominou de “a cidade-luz” em 1919, bem antes de Le Corbusier escolher o Sol como o símbolo do urbanismo moderno. Projetou e executou o serviço de abastecimento água e o tratamento de esgoto, além de ter sido presidente do Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia (IGHB), onde está parte importante do seu rico acervo. Nem vou falar sobre sua contribuição para a história de Salvador e da Bahia, pois é muito grande a extensão e importância de sua obra escrita.
FFF: De que forma o fato de Theodoro ser negro impactou nas suas escolhas como homem público?
ADEMIR: Theodoro relatou ao estudioso Donald Pierson o caso célebre de racismo que enfrentou ao ser preterido para acompanhar Charles Frederick Hartt e Orville Derby pelo Rio São Francisco e pelos portos brasileiros, estudiosos americanos contratados por D. Pedro II em 1879, dez anos antes da abolição da escravatura. Superou o ocorrido e se destacou entre os brasileiros pelo domínio da língua e pelo conhecimento técnico da cartografia e do desenho artístico a ponto de merecer menção por escrito dos americanos ao imperador. Tornou-se amigo de Derby, que o convidou para trabalhar em São Paulo, em 1886. Viveu entre a elite culta paulistana, fundou o Instituto Histgórico e Geográfico de São Paulo (IHGSP) e foi amigo de Euclides da Cunha, a quem forneceu o esboço de um mapa da região de Canudos, onde trabalhara, construindo uma ferrovia. O nome “Os Sertões” foi soprado a Euclides por Sampaio, que ouvia atento aos domingos a leitura dos primeiros manuscritos do engenheiro sobre a guerra fratricida que testemunhou. Enfim, Sampaio é um caso raro de superação do racismo explicito e velado, pela capacidade técnica e política que ostentava, apesar das brigas que enfrentou em São Paulo e em Santos, devido à corrupção nos serviços públicos, motivo da sua transferência para Salvador em 1904. Seu caso é comparável ao caso dos irmãos Rebouças. Negros, eruditos e “ricos”, que respondiam das alturas às provocações racistas.
FFF: O que aproxima a atuação do Papa Francisco da saga de Theodoro Sampaio?
ADEMIR: O Papa tem enfrentado com galhardia e sabedoria os desafios políticos destes tempos bicudos que vivemos, dentro e fora da igreja. O fato ser sul-americano é um elo entre eles, sem dúvida. Francisco, um argentino, no Vaticano é equivalente à Theodoro, um baiano negro numa São Paulo na qual predominavam os italianos. Embora não se saiba ao certo quem foi seu pai, provavelmente o irmão (do fazendeiro) ou o próprio fazendeiro, foi assumido por um padre, Manuel Fernandes Sampaio, que lhe deu o sobrenome e o trouxe para estudar no Rio de Janeiro. Era um católico dedicado. Os Salesianos publicaram o seu primeiro livro, um clássico hoje: O Rio São Francisco e Chapada Diamantina. Outro elo entre eles é a causa dos pobres, dos povos originários e dos excluídos. Defendeu a criação de parques nacionais tal como já o faziam os americanos e que depois Rondon e os irmãos Villas-Boas concretizaram. E via a água potável e o tratamento do esgoto como uma questão chave para a igualdade e acesso à plena cidadania, situação que ainda estamos longe de atingir.
FFF: Qual será sua próxima obra?
ADEMIR: Vivo imerso em publicações de caráter acadêmico, os famosos artigos, e tenho me dedicado às questões ambientais, à sustentabilidade e à resiliência urbana diante dos eventos que já estamos enfrentando devido às mudanças climáticas. Gostaria de reescrever o livro para o grande público. O Theodoro Sampaio: nos Sertões e nas Cidades é um livro de arte, caro, pesado, grande. Não dá para ler no metrô nem levar para o banheiro. Já está esgotado faz tempo. Quero falar da sua obra para os estudantes de todos os graus, e especialmente para o enfrentamento do racismo estrutural, que não é uma questão apenas dos negros, assim como a questão indígena, que não é uma luta apenas dos povos originários.
Acima, o engenheiro baiano Theodoro Sampaio, inovador no urbanismo brasileiro, e o arquiteto Ademir Pereira dos Santos, autor do livro sobre a obra e a vida do baiano
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